Age Limit Research Articles

Factors affecting women's first childbearing age limit (based on Colombo District)

This study explores the determinants influencing the age at which women have their first child in the Colombo district of Sri Lanka. Drawing upon demographic, social, and economic factors, the research employs a mixed-methods approach, including demographic analysis, chi-square analysis, multiple regression analysis, and literature review. Findings reveal that factors such as education level, age at marriage, occupation status, and monthly household income significantly impact the age at first childbirth. Specifically, education emerges as a primary determinant, with higher levels of education associated with delayed childbirth. Additionally, residential location and type of marriage play roles in shaping the timing of the first childbirth. The study underscores the multifaceted nature of these determinants and highlights the importance of understanding the interplay between demographic, social, and economic factors in informing targeted interventions to promote reproductive health and well-being among women in Sri Lanka. Based on the conclusions drawn, recommendations are provided for implementing education initiatives, fostering economic empowerment, strengthening family planning services, supporting love marriages, and advocating for policy interventions. Implementation of these recommendations can address underlying factors influencing the age at which women have their first child, ultimately promoting women's health, empowerment, and well-being in the Colombo district and beyond.

The perception of ageism from the perspective of different professions

Abstract Aim. The aim of the study was to compare the differences between young people’s perceptions of ageism in terms of professions: helping professions and non-helping professions. Material and methods. We collected data by the Fraboni Ageism Scale. Cronbach α represented a value of 0.87. We performed statistical processing in SPSS 25.0 and used the t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient. The data collection of the entire research sample lasted from December 2020 to March 2021. Our final research group consisted of 262 respondents (HP and NHP). The selection criteria were the consent of each respondent, affiliation to the faculty and the age limit of 18 years and over. Results. HP are more inclined to help others and elderly. They have a greater degree of tolerance for older adults than NHP, which is confirmed by our results (the D2: Behavior attitudes; p=0.000 and in the D3: Affective attitudes; p=0.000)). Conclusions. For university students in preparation for their future profession, we can fundamentally influence their cognitive, affective and behavioral components of the perception of seniors. For these reasons, the evaluation of the perception of stereotypes (D1), separation (D2) and affective attitudes (D3) among students of different fields was important.

Disparities in Indications and Outcomes Reporting for Spinal Column Shortening for Tethered Cord Syndrome: The Need for a Standardized Approach.

Systematic review. To identify commonly reported indications and outcomes in spinal column shortening (SCS) procedures. SCS is a surgical procedure used in patients with tethered cord syndrome (TCS)-characterized by abnormal attachment of neural components to surrounding tissues-to shorten the vertebral column, release tension on the spinal cord/neural elements, and alleviate associated symptoms. PubMed and EMBASE searches captured SCS literature published between 1950 and 2023. Prospective/retrospective cohort studies and case series were included without age limit or required follow-up period. Review articles without new patient presentations, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, conference abstracts, and letters were excluded. Studies included adult and pediatric patients. The 29 identified studies represented 278 patients (age 5-76y). In 24.1% of studies, patients underwent primary TCS intervention via SCS. In 41.4% of studies, patients underwent SCS after failed previous primary detethering (24.1% of studies were mixed and 10.3% were unspecified). The most commonly reported non-genitourinary/bowel surgical indications were back pain (55.2%), lower-extremity pain (48.3%), lower-extremity weakness (48.3%), lower-extremity numbness (34.5%), and lower-extremity motor dysfunction (34.5%). Genitourinary/bowel symptoms were most often described as nonspecific bladder dysfunction (58.6%), bladder incontinence (34.5%), and bowel dysfunction (31.0%). After SCS, non-genitourinary/bowel outcomes included lower-extremity pain (44.8%), back pain (31.0%), and lower-extremity sensory and motor function (both 31.0%). Bladder dysfunction (79.3%), bowel dysfunction (34.5%), and bladder incontinence (13.8%) were commonly reported genitourinary/bowel outcomes. In total, 40 presenting surgical indication categories and 33 unique outcome measures were reported across studies. Seventeen of the 278 patients (6.1%) experienced a complication. The SCS surgical literature displays variability in operative indications and postoperative outcomes. The lack of common reporting mechanisms impedes higher-level analysis. A standardized outcomes measurement tool, encompassing both patient-reported outcome measures and objective metrics, is necessary. Level 4.

Establishment of a Unified Register of Donor Sexual Gametes in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Objective. The purpose of this narrative review paper was to review the state and development of the field of donor gametes in Kazakhstan, compare its legislative and technical capabilities with other countries and identify key steps towards the establishment of a unified register of donor gametes in the Republic.
 Materials and Methods. The narrative review paper conducted an analysis of scientific publications and legal documents to examine the implementation of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART), focusing on Donor Sexual Gametes (DSG), globally. It utilized medical publications from 2019 to 2023, legal acts, and recommendations from global health organizations to analyze eligibility criteria, legal regulations, and the social aspects of ART across different regions.
 Results. In Kazakhstan, ART is regulated by legislation, with DSG procedures governed by age limits, medical screening, and restrictions on the number of children born from donated gametes. Worldwide, practices vary, but there is growing interest in establishing a unified register of reproductive donor material to enhance transparency and accountability. However, legal gaps and ethical considerations must be addressed.
 Conclusion. The study identifies gaps in Kazakhstan’s legisla- tion compared to Western countries, emphasizing the necessity for enhanced legal rights for donors and recipients, including options for anonymity. Ethical concerns highlight the importance of confidentiality and data security in accessing the donor registry. Overall, implementing such a register promises to enhance transparency, safety, and accountability in reproductive medicine.

Forward Head Posture and its association with Tension Type Headache among the bankers of Hayatabad Peshawar: A cross sectional study

Background: Forward Head Posture is termed as the abnormal forward positioning of the head in relation to shoulder. (1) Out of all postural abnormalities, FHP is one of the most ordinary type (2). In such a condition, abnormal postural alignment occurs showing increased extension of upper cervical region while in lower cervical and upper thoracic region increased flexion can be seen. (4) Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of Forward Head Posture and its association with Tension Type Headache among the Bankers of Hayatabad, Peshawar. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study in order to find association of Forward Head Posture with Tension Type Headache. 89 bankers were examined using photogrammetry method and Web plot digitizer online software for plotting the craniovertebral angle on digital image. A symptomatic questionnaire was also used for the assessment of Tension Type Headache.  Results: Most of the participants had 92.1% Forward Head Posture. Majority rate i.e 12.4% had an age limit of about 26 years and also the mean age was about 34.4. Mean score of Tension Type Headache was 21.3%. Chi square test was done which showed no association of Forward Head Posture with Tension Type Headache. Conclusion: It was concluded from the study that Forward Head Posture is quite common among the bankers but there is no association of Forward Head Posture with Tension Type Headache.

Reference intervals of circulating secretoneurin concentrations determined in a large cohort of community dwellers: the HUNT study.

Secretoneurin (SN) is a novel cardiac biomarker that associates with the risk of mortality and dysfunctional cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling in heart failure patients. Reference intervals for SN are unknown. SN was measured with a CE-marked ELISA in healthy community dwellers from the fourth wave of the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT4) conducted in 2017-2019. The common, sex and age specific 90th, 95th, 97.5th and 99th percentiles were calculated using the non-parametric method and outlier exclusion according to the Reed test. The applicability of sex and age specific reference intervals were investigated using Harris and Boyd test. We also estimated the percentiles in a subset with normal findings on echocardiographic screening. The total cohort included 887 persons (56.4 % women). After echocardiographic screening 122 persons were excluded, leaving a total of 765 persons (57.8 % women). The 97.5th percentile (95 % CI in brackets) of SN was 59.7 (57.5-62.1) pmol/L in the total population and 58.6 (57.1-62.1) pmol/L after echocardiography screening. In general, slightly higher percentiles were found in women and elderly participants, but less than 4 % in these subgroups had concentrations deviating from the common 97.5th percentile. Low BMI or eGFR was also associated with higher concentrations of SN. Upper reference limits for SN were similar amongst healthy adult community dwellers regardless of prescreening including cardiac echocardiography or not. Women and elderly showed higher concentrations of SN, but the differences were not sufficiently large to justify age and sex stratified upper reference limits.

Turning 18 in mental health services: a multicountryqualitative study of service user experiences and views.

Worldwide, the division between Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) and Adult Mental Health Services (AMHS) has frequently resulted in fragmented care with an unprepared, non-gradual transition. To improve continuity of care and other service transition experiences, service user input is essential. However, such previous qualitative studies are from a decade ago or focused on one mental disorder or country. The aim of the present study was to learn from service users' transition experiences and suggested improvements. Semi-structured interviews were held with young people aged 18-24 and/or parents/caregivers in the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Netherlands and Croatia. Inclusion was based on the experience of specialist mental health care before and after turning 18. Thematic analysis of transcribed and translated interview transcripts was performed using ATLAS.ti 9. Main themes of service user experiences included abrupt changes in responsibilities, various barriers and a lack of preparation, communication and ongoing care. Young people expressed a great need for continuity of care. Their suggestions to improve transitional care included early and adequate preparation, joint working, improved communication from and between services, overlapping services, staying at CAMHS for longer and designated youth mental health teams. Young people who experienced care before and after turning 18 suggested either altering the age limits of services or ensuring early preparation and communication regarding the transition and finding AHMS. This communication should include general changes when turning 18. Further considerations include increasing collaboration and overlap between CAMHS and AMHS.

Risk Factors Relevant to Adult Separation Anxiety Disorder

Separation anxiety disorder was previously often used to describe children; however, the age limit was removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) and a new symptom called adult separation anxiety disorder (ASAD) was added to it. Nevertheless, because this is a relatively new field, the risk factors of developing separation anxiety disorder in adults are less clear. This article reviews the definitions and differences of separation anxiety in adults and children and evaluates the risk factors for adult separation anxiety in the literature. These factors include intolerance to uncertainty, sensitivity to anxiety, attachment style, and other mental disorders. This paper describes the effects of these factors on adult separation anxiety and presents limitations of existing research and recommendations for future development in this field. The purpose of this article is to make more people understand what adult separation anxiety is, to distinguish it from children's separation anxiety and to understand what risk factors can affect and cause adult separation anxiety. Another purpose of this article is to help people prevent and intervene in adult separation anxiety disorders.

Child-friendly justice and children's rights from criminal cases; Islamic Law notes

This article aimed to discuss the Islamic law notes on child-friendly justice and the importance of protecting children's rights during the juvenile process. The reform of Juvenile Justice in Indonesia was based on the UN convention, where on January 26, 1990, in New York, the Indonesian Government signed the 1989 Convention on the Rights of Children. Thus, to protect children through criminal law, paying attention to the principles in the Convention on the Rights of the Child has been the norm. The Child Protection Law in Indonesia has regulated the age limit for a child who can be held accountable. The existence of provisions regarding the minimum age limit for children in the law is what is required by international documents, especially regarding the minimum age of criminal responsibility, namely at least 12 years. Such provisions are parallel to The Beijing Rules, which recommend an age limit that is not too low. The problem is the provision of the law that children under 12 years (meaning between 8-12 years) can still be processed for trial and can be subject to action. Even at the age of 8 years, it is still possible to process. The problem is whether the eight-year age limit needs to be higher. Even though they were not punished and were only subject to action, the experience during the process of being submitted to trial did not bring stigma and negative impacts for children of young age. Based on Islamic law notes, this article found that child-friendly justice

The Influence of Power on Decisions Constitutional Court (MK) Concerning the Age Limit for Vice Presidential Candidates in 2023

There are so many irregularities in the Constitutional Court's decision Number 90/PUU-XXI/2023 regarding the age limit for presidential candidates. The author suspects that there is interference from the ruling elite who have an interest in maintaining the current power status quo. The analysis of this writing will be dissected using an understanding of elite theory and patterns White Collars Criminal. Jokowi and the current ruling elite group have an interest in remaining is within the scope of power. Meanwhile, regulations to continue being in power no longer provide space. Therefore, Jokowi and his group need to extend their hand in the circle of power in the future after he steps down, through legal manipulation so that his son can advance as a state official. Jokowi's efforts together with other elite groups behind this political attitude that is contrary to democratic values, is suspected to be an inevitability that can arise from those in power. The state government's grip on power, which has been going on for almost a decade, is starting to show that it is mentally and psychologically unprepared for its end. This pattern of efforts has led to a series of irregularities in political and legal events over the past year or so. In the end, it all boils down to Gibran's official step forward as vice presidential candidate. This article was written using a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis methods. The data collection technique used is literature study, which is related to theoretical studies and several references.

Microsatellite instability is highly prevalent in older patients with colorectal cancer.

Clinical guidelines suggest screening of colorectal cancer (CRC) for microsatellite instability (MSI). However, microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) CRC is not rare in older patients. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of MSI-H CRC in an unselected population in an age-based manner. A retrospective analysis of data from patients undergoing radical surgery for CRC was performed. Only cases with results from MSI testing using immunochemistry (IHC) were analyzed. Age-based analyses were performed using two cut-off ages: 50 years. as stated in Amsterdam II guidelines, and 60 years. as outlined in the revised Bethesda criteria. The study population included 343 (146 female and 197 male) patients with a median age of 70 years (range 21-90 years). The prevalence of MSI-H tumors in the entire cohort was 18.7%. The prevalence of MSI-H CRC was 22.5% in the group ≤50 years vs. 18.2% in the group >50 years using the age limit in the Amsterdam II guidelines. MSI-H CRC was present in 12.6% of the group aged ≤60 years compared to 20.6% in the control group >60 years. MSI screening of CRC based on age alone is associated with negative selection of a relevant number of cases. MSI-H CRC is also common in elderly patients, who may be negatively selected secondary to an age-based screening algorithm. Following the results of this study, screening based on clinical criteria should be omitted in favor of systematic screening as is already internationally practiced.

Study of Marriage Age Limit According to Indonesian Marriage Law

Indonesia is a country that is blessed with being a pluralistic nation, consisting of several tribes, religions, and cultures. For this reason, the recognition of customary law is also recognized as long as it still exists, and the implementation of marriages is also according to customary law, which is in accordance with the customary law of each region. The research method uses normative research. The findings showed that the age of the prospective groom was 19 years and that of the prospective bride was 16 years. After the amendment, there are no differences. These age limits for marriage are a measure of the maturity of persons who want to marry, carried out by people who have not reached the age of marriage. 

A statistical method for treating the “negative-age” and “negative-atom-number” conundrums in radioisotope dating

In radioisotope dating, statistical fluctuations of atom counts or decay counts can sometimes lead to unphysical results, such as negative counts after subtracting the background or negative apparent ages near the boundaries of the dating range. How to treat these boundary cases with a unified approach and give proper estimates on age limits and confidence intervals is an important issue in radioisotope dating. In this work, we combine the Feldman-Cousins likelihood-ratio ordering method for interval estimation, a Frequentist approach to make consistent transitions from the choice of one-sided limits to two-sided confidence intervals, and a Bayesian method to treat the background uncertainties. This data treatment method naturally eliminates the unphysical results. We use 81Kr dating and Atom Trap Trace Analysis as an example to illustrate the advantages. This method can be generalized to other radioisotopes and ultra-sensitive analysis techniques.

Research on the Status Quo and Dilemma of Minors' Personal Information Protection

With the rapid development of mobile Internet, minors' personal information is inevitably collected and processed by various information processors. Due to the characteristics of immature mental development and weak risk prediction ability of minors, it is difficult to effectively protect their personal information security. Although China's "Personal Information Protection Law" makes provisions on the protection of minors' personal information, there are still some problems such as "one-size-fits-all" age limit and imperfect guardian consent system. This paper will test the current hundreds of various types of apps, conduct a questionnaire survey on the protection of personal information of minors and their guardians, analyze the current dilemma of the protection of personal information of minors at the social level, propose countermeasures according to the symptoms, and explore more targeted ways to protect the rights and interests of minors' personal information. Escort the physical and mental healthy development of minors under the background of the information age.

Abstract 2250: Effects of loneliness on medical expenditures among US cancer survivors

Abstract Background: Social isolation in cancer survivors associates with diminished quality of life and worse survival. However, effects of loneliness on medical expenditure are understudied. We examined associations of loneliness with medical costs, and social/psychological/behavioral determinants of health (SDHs). Methods: We identified 1,866 cancer survivors from the 2021 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. One has loneliness if answering ‘often’ for any of: feel lack companionship/left out/isolated from others. Two-part regression models assessed marginal effect of loneliness to annual total health care expenditure (cost) in cancer survivors, aged 18-64 (young) and ≥65 years (older), adjusting for age, sex, race, region, education, health insurance, comorbid illnesses, family income, unemployment, and activity limitation. Models were sequentially adjusted for every single SDH. Ordinal regression models assessed associations of loneliness with SDHs. Results: Over one-tenth of young (19%) and older (13%) cancer survivors reported loneliness. Loneliness was associated with higher cost in older cancer survivors (conditional coefficient (CC) 0.46, 0.12-0.81), but not young survivors (-0.14, -0.62-0.36). In both age groups, cancer survivors with loneliness more often reported stress, lack of help, as well as less time talking on the phone and getting together with support persons (Table). In older patients, sequential adjustment for stress, expected help, get-togethers, or church attendance decreased effect of loneliness to cost; among which get-togethers showed the greatest decrease (CC 0.28, -0.03-0.62). Conclusions: Loneliness was associated with higher total medical expenditure in older US cancer survivors. Findings warrant further study of personal or community support to mitigate loneliness, in an effort to reduce healthcare costs and financial burden in older cancer survivors. Age (year) 18-64 (648) ≥65 (1223) Loneliness No (505, 81%) Yes (143, 19%) No (1046, 87%) Yes (177, 13%) Mean Age (years) 56 56 75 74 Female % 64.5 66.4 53.0 59.1 Non-white % 23.1 21.8 15.8 26.4 Federal poverty level < 100%, % 7.4 18.9 8.9 7.2 Comorbidities ≥ 3, % 25.4 44.4 60.4 67.1 Unemployment ≥ 1, % 35.8 45.3 83.3 89.6 < high school % 30.8 33.7 37.7 36.6 Conditional coefficient (95% CI) Ref -0.14 (-0.62-0.36) Ref 0.46 (0.12-0.81) Odds ratio (95% CI) of loneliness to SDHs Stress Ref 8.42 (5.20-13.63) Ref 6.82 (4.72-9.87) Lack of help - family 3.46 (2.32-5.14) 2.61 (1.88-3.60) Lack of help - friends 3.25 (2.00-5.29) 1.92 (1.36-2.72) Lack of help - community 2.45 (1.64-3.66) 2.16 (1.58-2.96) Times of talk on phone 0.55 (0.36-0.85) 0.77 (0.55-1.07) Times of get together 0.34 (0.21-0.55) 0.38 (0.25-0.58) Citation Format: Fangyuan Chen, Ryan Nipp, Xuesong Han, Zhiyuan Zheng, Robin Yabroff, Changchuan Jiang. Effects of loneliness on medical expenditures among US cancer survivors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2250.

Gambling Operators’ Use of Advertising Strategies on Social Media and Their Effects: A Systematic Review

Abstract Purpose of Review Social media offer gambling operators an attractive channel for connecting with gamblers and promoting their products. The aim of the present study is to review the recent literature to summarise the latest findings on marketing strategies of gambling operators, and their effects, with particular focus on social media. Recent Findings A systematic review on gambling advertising in social media has been conducted, taking into account English-language journal articles from 2021 onwards, which include primary data collection. Searching three data bases, a total number of 12 studies from peer-reviewed journals were identified. Gambling advertising has an enormous reach, including esports sponsorship and a surge in popularity on streaming platforms, which raises concerns about the protection of gamblers in general and of vulnerable groups in particular. The studies identify individual advertising strategies and investigate the influence of incentives and tips on gambling behaviour. Gaps in the current literature include evidence from certain regions or countries, research into communication strategies on individual social media platforms, and questions about the effectiveness of regulatory measures regarding gambling advertising. Summary Gambling operators flexibly adapt their advertising strategies to the surrounding conditions. This appears to be problematic, as the intensity and complexity of gambling advertising increases at the same time as the boundaries between advertising and seemingly neutral content blur. Vulnerable groups, especially children and adolescents, are at special risk, because advertising on social media is particularly attractive for them, while protection mechanisms such as age limits are often missing or being ignored.

Red Yeast Rice and Statin Therapy in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia and the Comorbidities: A Retrospective Cohort Study on Lipid-Lowering Effects and Cardiovascular Outcomes.

Red yeast rice (RYR) is known for its lipid-lowering effects in patients with hypercholesterolemia; however, its comparative efficacy with statins and risk reduction remains uncertain. This retrospective study analyzed data from 337,104 patients with hyperlipidemia in the Chang Gung Research Database cohort, spanning from January 2016 to December 2021. Exclusion criteria were applied to ensure data completeness and compliance, including an age limit of [Formula: see text] years, absence of RYR or statin treatment, and a treatment duration of [Formula: see text] days. Propensity score matching was employed to minimize bias based on baseline factors, with one patient matching with four patients in the comparison group. The study encompassed a total of 5,984 adult hyperlipidemic patients, with 1,197 in the RYR group and 4,787 in the statin group. The patients were also stratified into statin ([Formula: see text]) or combined use ([Formula: see text]) groups for further comparison. Following one year of treatment, both the RYR and statin groups exhibited reductions in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Most biochemical parameters showed no significant differences, except for elevated glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels in the RYR group ([Formula: see text]) and increased glycohemoglobin levels in the statin group at the three-month mark ([Formula: see text]). In patients with comorbid diabetes, hypertension, kidney, or liver diseases, RYR and statins demonstrated comparable risks for emergency room (ER) visits, stroke, and myocardial infarction (MI). However, the combination of RYR and statins was associated with reduced stroke-related hospitalizations in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and kidney disease, as well as decreased MI-related hospitalizations in patients with hypertension and kidney disease (all [Formula: see text]). In conclusion, both RYR and statins effectively lower blood lipid levels and mitigate related complications. Combining these therapies may lead to fewer ER visits, reduced stroke frequency, and fewer MI hospitalizations in hypertensive and kidney disease patients, and they decreased all-cause mortality in the kidney disease population. Further research on combined therapy is warranted.

Framing Analysis of the Reporting Scenario of Gibran Becoming Vice President on CNN Indonesia Media

Insert the current political reality in Indonesia has become a complex and diverse focal point of attention. In the context of the 2024 presidential election (Pilpres 2024), the Constitutional Court's decision regarding the minimum age requirement for vice presidential candidates has sparked widespread controversy. This issue has become a subject of debate because age limits are considered one of the criteria for political leadership qualifications. Framing Analysis is utilized to understand how the media, including CNN Indonesia, present Gibran and the issues surrounding his candidacy as vice president. This research employs a qualitative approach and constructivism paradigm to elucidate this phenomenon. By leveraging Robert N. Entman's Framing Analysis model, this study aims to gain a deeper understanding of how the media influences public perception of Gibran and the political issues associated with him. The data used consists of news reports from CNN Indonesia, specifically textual coverage from October 2023, which is deemed influential in shaping public opinion and perception regarding the 2024 presidential election. Through this research, it is hoped that the understanding of how the media comprehend and interpret specific political realities, as well as their impact on public opinion and the democratic process, will be revealed.

TINJAUAN HUKUM ISLAM TERHADAP PERMOHONAN DISPENSASI NIKAH PADA PENGADILAN AGAMA PALOPO

Marriage dispensation is an exception to the rule or law that is given to the applicant to get married. In this study, the author examines the determination of a marriage dispensation application in a civil case Number: 45/Pdt.P/2022/Pa.Plp. The focus of the research problem formulation is the basis for the judge's consideration in granting the request for a marriage dispensation in a civil case Number: 45/Pdt.P/2022/PA.Plp. Then, what is the review of Islamic law regarding requests for marriage dispensation in civil cases Number: 45/Pdt.P/2022/Pa.PlpType of research is library research with a normative juridical approach. Juridical legal research means research that refers to existing literature studies or to the secondary data used. While normative in nature means legal research that aims to obtain normative knowledge about the relationship between one regulation and another. The data material analysis method uses a qualitative method which is presented prescriptively.The results of this study indicate that the basis for the judge's consideration in granting the request for marriage dispensation is that there is an urgent reason, because she is already pregnant. Low education so there is no study and work activities because of the weak economy, and the prospective bride and groom are ready physically and mentally. The judge's legal considerations in granting a marriage dispensation are that there is article 7 paragraph 2 of Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning marriage, in the case of deviations from the marriage age limit, you can ask for dispensation from the court or other officials appointed by both the male and female parents. woman. the judge's consideration outside the law uses the concept of maslahah mursalah because the provisions on age restrictions and marriage dispensation are not explained in the text, but the content of maslahat is in line with syara' actions that want to bring benefit to the applicant (both bride and groom and their families) because there is an urgent matter, namely pregnancy formerly. Then in terms of trying children related to marriage dispensation based on Supreme Court Regulation number 5 of 2019 concerning Guidelines for adjudicating applications for marriage dispensation.

Public Relations Management at Family Institutions in Moral Education

Socio-cultural developments and changes indirectly affect children's development and education. This situation affects children, who are basically looking for someone who can become their philosophy of life, making it difficult for families to fulfill their obligations to educate their children. Society has a great influence on the ongoing activities related to education, and family education is the earliest educational institution in human civilization. Before knowing formal education, the position and role of the family in human life is very important, because it is the most basic. the most active and widespread in history. No age limit (covers multiple age groups), no time limit, anytime, anywhere. The purpose of this study was to describe the role of the family in education in public relations management. This study was conducted using a qualitative method, in which appropriate multi-reference studies were used, and then comparisons were made. The family, school and community environment is the center of education, but of the three, the family environment has the greatest influence on children's development. The result of this research is that this family education is basic education, because children get the first education in this family. In addition, family education has a great impact on children's lives, especially on children's psychological growth and development, as well as on social and religious values.
 Keyword : Family, Public, Education